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| Elastic Limit |
| The maximum stress a metal can withstand without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining when the load is removed. |
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| Elasticity |
| The property of a material which enables it to return to its original shape and dimensions when the stress on it causing these changes is removed. |
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| Electrical Steels |
| Steels in which the composition and processing conditions are controlled carefully in order to give the steel specific magnetic properties, so that they can be used as core materials in electrical machines. They are supplied in the cold rolled sheet or strip form, annealed and with an insulating coating on one, or both, faces of the sheet. They can be of a non-oriented grain type, in which case their magnetic properties are similar both in the direction of rolling and in the transverse direction, or a grain oriented type, in which case the steel has preferred magnetic properties in the rolling direction. Electrical steels contian <0.05%C and a non-oriented electrical steel contains upto 1.4%Si, depending on the properties requiered and a grain-oriented steel contains >3% Si, and a low Mn content( 0.05-0.07%). |
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| Electroslag Refining |
| A process for refining metallic alloys in which the alloy, in the wrought or as-cast state, in the form of an electrode is remelted through flux (slag) and solidified within a water-cooled copper mould. Very clean steels with ultra-low inclusion contents can be produced by this technique. |
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| Elongation |
| A measure of the ductility of a metal assessed in a tensile test. It is determined by dividing the elongation of the gauge-length of the fractured test piece by the original gauge-length. |
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| End Quench Test |
| This is more commonly referred to as the JOMINY test which is a test used to determine the relative hardenability of a steel. The test piece is heated into the austenitic range, and then subjected to quenching from just one end, after which the hardness is determined incrementally away from the quenched end. |
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| Equiaxed Crystals |
| Grains (crystals) which have approximately equal dimensions in each of three orthogonal directions. (ie at right angles to one another). |
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| Equilibrium Diagram |
| A plot of temperature against alloy composition showing the limits of composition and temperature ranges within which the various constituent phases of the alloy exist under equilibrium conditions. |
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| Etching |
| The treating of a prepared polished metal surface with a chemical solution (typically acidic), or by other means, so that structural details of the metal surface are revealed. This may be a macro structure, or more commonly requires examination under an optical microscope. |
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| Extrusion |
| The production of a length of uniform cross-section of metal from billet or ingot stock by forcing the metal to flow through a die, in direct extrusion, or to flow through or around the ram (die) in backward extrusion. In both cases, the finished section will have a smaller cross-sectional area than the starting material and therefore will be longer. |
